A Critical Analysis of the Description of Pashtuns in Elphinstone’s Book “An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul”

Abstract

This article presents a critical analysis of Mountstuart Elphinstone’s seminal work, An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul (1815), which is regarded as one of the earliest and most comprehensive colonial accounts of the Pashtuns, referred to as Afghans throughout the text. Elphinstone’s observations cover various aspects of Pashtun life, including the characteristics of different Pashtun tribes, their language and literature, folklore, and the sociocultural practices that define Pashtunwali, such as hospitality, shelter, and the code of revenge. His detailed descriptions extend to the customs surrounding Pashtun betrothal and marriage, birth and funeral ceremonies, and the traditional attire of Pashtun men and women, with a particular focus on the socioeconomic conditions of Pashtun women during the early 19th century. However, Elphinstone’s portrayal is deeply embedded within the frameworks of colonialism and orientalism, raising critical questions about the accuracy and objectivity of his depictions. This article argues that while Elphinstone’s account provides valuable insights into Pashtun culture, it is often marred by biases, stereotypes, and the colonial agenda of his time. By critically examining his descriptions, this study seeks to uncover the complexities of Pashtun identity as depicted in colonial literature and calls for a more nuanced and inclusive understanding of Pashtun history. In doing so, it emphasizes the need for contemporary scholars to engage with a diverse range of perspectives to challenge prevailing narratives and contribute to a more accurate representation of Pashtun heritage.

Key Words: Afghans, Pashtuns, Pashtunwali, Hospitality, Revenge, Elphinstone